The Localities in the desert were beduin semi-villages.

You will not see the ruins because all villages and localities were buldozed, removed and leveled to the ground just after the war.

As for who is responsible for the refugee problem, I do not think it is the place to discuss it here. But I may advise you to read from more neutral books than the sources you cited. Beni Morris is a good start.

However, although most neutral historian agree that some form of ethnic cleansing took place, and to maintain the extereme neutrality of this post, I removed the phrase "ethnic cleansing".



Th